Where you can learn about, share, and discuss teaching keyboarding

Hierarchical Skills in Typewriting
Paul Fendrick (1937)
The State College of Washington

Journal of Educational Psychology 28 (8) 609-620

This study presents an attempt to measure the hierarchical relationship of certain common typewriting skills which are manifested by operators representing various levels of achievement. Its origin can be traced to the classic investigations of Bryan and Harter in the field of telegraphy and Book in the field of typewriting. Such terms as letter, word, and phrase habits are landmarks in the language equipment of the educational psychologist and it was, therefore, considered desirable to reevaluate the hierarchical point of view by experimental typewriting under conditions somewhat at variance with the usual test procedures.

Teaching Keyboarding – When? Why? How?
Stow, L. (2001)
Education World, The Educator’s Best Friend

http://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/tech/tech072.shtml/

Keyboarding for Students with Handwriting Problems: A Literature Review

Andrew R. Freeman
Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics: A Quarterly Journal of Developmental Therapy 25 (1/2) January 2005 119-147

Abstract

A literature review is presented regarding keyboarding for school students experiencing handwriting difficulties. Despite the overall dearth of research, some general conclusions appear warranted. Students need to be able to keyboard at least as fast as they can handwrite and should learn the touch-keyboarding method if possible. Appropriate instruction appears critical for the development of keyboarding competency. The upper elementary age is an appropriate time to start teaching keyboarding, with students possibly requiring 25-30 total hours of instruction. Students experiencing handwriting difficulties might need customized goals and strategies. Although the existing literature regarding the role of performance components in keyboarding provides some direction to clinicians, further investigation is required.

Improving Computer Keyboarding Skills in Third through Fifth Grade Students
J. Troy Robinson
June 1992

A Practicum report submitted to the faculty of the Center for Advancement of Education of Nova University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Educational Specialist.

Abstract

The lack of computer keyboarding skills in third through fifth grade students was addressed by the implementation of a 12 week instructional program in the computer laboratory classroom of the target elementary school. All students in third, fourth, and fifth grade class, regardless of varying exceptionalities

Watch OUT!!!!! This will eat away ALL of your Time!!!

TypeRacer is a place where you can practice your typing by competing with other typists from all over the world.

You can practice by yourself, compete with friends or compete with perfect strangers. I couldn’t believe it but I saw some guy named Dave who was typing 150 wpm. THAT is amazing!!

It gets its name from the scenario that you are driving a race car and the faster you type, the faster your car will go.

I won the first few races that I typed. I was typing at about 44 wpm. It doesn’t let you make mistakes so if you mistype, you have to go back and retype it until it’s correct. The tricky thing is that I noticed as I got better, so did my opponents. They weren’t he same ones and it looked like they TypeRacer was mixing and matching to challenge me. Naturally, this kept me in “The Flow” (See Mihály Csíkszentmihályi ) and I lost complete track of time.

The only problem with this site is their choice of text to type. They have a totally innovative method for selecting text. They have you type quotes from movies. At the end of typing the quote, you can purchase the video if you wish. (ala Pandora.com) I say that this is a problem because some fo the text that I typed wasn’t appropriate for elementary school kids . . . but it’s good for you to practice.

Good luck and . . . .Happy Typing!!!!

Check this one out and see how fast you can go.

Yellow keyboard

Why should YOU teach keyboarding?  This is the most important question that you and your curriculum designers can ask when you are making decisions about your keyboarding teaching strategies.

I just received an email from Linda George who teaches in a school district in New Hampshire.  Their district is in the midst of considering a change in their keyboarding curriculum.  They have been using Type to Learn 3 to teach keyboarding in 3rd grade everyday for 4 weeks.  They are considering extend this 20-day, 4-week instruction unit to a 20-week, once-a-week process.  In an effort to discuss and consider this dilemma, Mrs. George created a wiki for discussion, How Do YOU Teach Touch Typing? This wiki contains some interesting responses from teacher and students.  You should go there and place your own response.

Here’s my point of view on this question:

Why should we teach keyboarding?  We teach keyboarding to build students’ skills in using computers. We teach them skills so that they will be more efficient when they write papers, emails and even blogs.

The biggest contradiction that we have in our schools is that we teach our students how to keyboard but expect them to write use pencils and paper in their classrooms.  I understand that it’s costly to provide computers or portable keyboards for students to use in class, but it would make learning much more efficient and give more purpose to teaching keyboarding.  I have already written about this in another posting on this blog.

What about teaching keyboarding once a week instead of 4 straight weeks?  It’s a waste of time.

Remember that keyboarding is a psycho-motor athletic ability.  How much would you learn about playing baseball if you only played it for 40 minutes once a week. Verrrrry Little.

If you played baseball 40 minutes a day for 4 weeks, you could develop a foundation of playing skills that you could use for the rest of the season.  As you play for the rest of the season, you will be able to further refine your abilities.  Taking 20 weeks to learn how to keyboard is an experiment in futility. Does this mean that students will only be able to write papers that use the homerow keys for the first month?  It is a situation where educators  can say that students are being taught to keyboard but taking 5 months to learn to keyboard wastes most of the school year.

I think that we often forget why we are teaching keyboarding.  It is a living skill that our students need to learn in 3rd grade so that they will be able to work effectively and efficiently.

Who Touch Types?

 Male Touch Typing     How many people touch type?

That is a good question. One of my readers recently stated that she had found a statistic on the web that said only “10% of Americans touch type.” I doubted this and asked for her resources and she said that she had “just seen it on the web a few years ago.”

So, I tried to answer the question as well. I didn’t unearth anything. I even asked a resource librarian to help me and he didn’t find much.

Looked in Answers.com (GREAT Search engine) under WPM and found this “In one study of average computer users, the average rate for transcription was 33 words per minute, and only 19 words per minute for composition.[1] In the same study, when the group was dividing into “fast”, “moderate” and “slow” groups, the average speeds were 40 wpm, 35 wpm, and 23 wpm respectively. Two-finger typists, sometimes also referred to as “Hunt-and-Peck” typists can reach speeds of about 37 wpm for memorized text, and 27wpm when copying text.[2]

An average typist reaches 50 to 70 wpm, while some positions can require 80 to 95 (usually the minimum required for dispatch positions and other typing jobs), and some advanced typists work at speeds above 120.”

Imagine that!!!!! Hunt and pecking at 37 WPM? That’s 185 keystrokes per minute or 3 strokes per second. Not too fast for an unskilled laborer. =-)

Anywho, what do you think? What do you know? What do you see in your classroom? How fast do you type over there in Japan?

Share your ideas in these comments.

Z

Warm Up for Mouserobics!!!

Mouserobics

Looking for a fun mousing activity for your keyboarding learners?

Mouserobics is your answer!!!!

This simple but entertaining website hosted by the Central Kansas Library System is a winner. It takes the learner through 30 screens asking the learner to click on successive numbers along the way. These number appear in varying sizes and different screen locations to test the learner’s alertness and skill. As well as clicking on numbers, the learner is asked to use radio buttons, check boxes, drop down menus, and scroll bars.

This site is ready for kids from 5 through 105 years old. The accompanying text is written at about 5th grade, but that shouldn’t get in the way appealing to the younger crowd.

Happy Mousing,

Z

picture-2.png  Would you believe that the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) has a wonderful on-line keyboarding website called Dance Mat Typing. It is filled with characters like a bellydancing hippo. I read about this site from Janet Lewis in Alabama through the Edtech.Listserv Google Group. She said that her higher elementary and middle school kids thought it was hilarious!!!! The only problem was that it was “too British.” Color was spelled Colour. But that’s OK. “Color” is “Too American” for the Brits. Enjoy.

Z

There is a conflict between writing and keyboarding. The question is which needs to be taught and when? Does keyboarding overshadow handwriting to the extent that handwriting should no longer be taught?

Handwriting is an essential skill. There are many times that we need to write so it is imperative for students to learn to write in elementary school. Do students need to be taught both manuscript AND cursive? I don’t think so. It doesn’t make sense to teach them how to “print” their ideas in 1st and 2nd grade and then how to “handwrite” them in 4th and 5th grade. Teaching cursive writing is merely a way to teaching students to write quickly. Perhaps keyboarding has taken the place of cursive because it enables students to enter their thoughts even faster than they would if they were using cursive.

Keyboarding is an essential skill. The students are learning to interact with computers at an early age. This interaction may be primarily mouse control with some keyboard input. It is important for them to learn to keyboard properly at an early age so as to minimize bad habits that will develop through unguided learning.

Keyboarding can be introduced in the early grades but it should be seriously pursued in the third grade. This is the grade where they have developed enough language skills to require keyboarding. After all, keyboarding is used to create words, so students need to be competent with the written language to have a reason to keyboard. Eight years olds have also developed the manual dexterity required to keyboard efficiently.

The most important reason for teaching keyboarding is to improve students’ writing. Keyboarding allows us to compose at the keyboard as we enter our thoughts into the dynamic world of word processing. Word processing has changed the way we think when we write. It enables students to mold their ideas into expressive writing. Unlike handwritten composition, the students can spend time worrying about the content rather than the formation of letters on paper. Revision can now be a fluid part of writing rather than the laborious process of scratching a Bic pen across a sheet of college-ruled paper.

The biggest problem that schools face is a disconnectedness between what they teach and what they practice. Schools often spend a great deal of time teaching students to keyboard at the elementary levels, but all of their composing is done with a pencil and paper. This begs the question of “Why teach keyboarding?” Students need to be provided with laptops or at least word processing keyboards so that they can use their developed skills on a daily rather than a weekly basis.

There are several benefits in learning to keyboard:

  • The most obvious advantage is that students use keyboards to input their ideas into a computer and they use computers continuously to communicate. Efficient keyboarding skills improve the communication process. These are skills that will help them now and throughout their lives.
  • There is some research that shows typing/keyboarding can improve students’ spelling skills. (http://tinyurl.com/2vaj3s) There isn’t enough to be conclusive it shows a tendency.
  • Students with learning difficulties including dyslexia or dysgraphia find it easier to type than write because the letters automatically go from left to right and they don’t need to worry about writing them backwards.

In the end, handwriting and keyboarding are both important skills to know. Handwriting is necessary for day-to-day activities. Today’s world, however, requires us to be efficient keyboarders to interact and communicate with others through technology. It augments the writing process by enabling students to enter their thoughts and then mold their words into crafted sentences.

What do student think about this?  Kate Olson who is a 4th and 6th grade keyboarding teacher asked her 6th grade students to blog on Writing vs Typing on her Keying In blog.  See what they have to say.

More Keyboarding Resources

Longfellow webpage  Games and Lessons for Keyboarding are the links that are featured at this website mastered by Kate Olson of the Longfellow Middle School in La Crosse, WI.

The coolest part of this list is that it is a list of sites that are not blocked by her school. Your network administrator may have other ideas about security and may have added some of these to the No-No list because of the “Threats to Security” that keyboarding programs can pose, ;-0 , but that is for you to find out.

Check this out: Mrs. Olson’s Keyboarding Links

Blue Keyboard There is no reason in the world that fourth graders shouldn’t be able to key at 20 WPM.  The typical 9 year old child handwrites at about 16 WPM so if you can get them to keyboard faster than that, they are ahead of the game.  The reader can read it AND it’s in the dynamic world of word processing which means that their work can be easily revised and improved.  This supports the improvement of writing skills as well as keyboarding skills.

The biggest problem that I see in keyboarding instruction that does not occur in a regular computer class (this means a class that is scheduled for the students to attend daily) is TOK (Time On Keyboard).  How much time do your students get to use the keyboards?  How much time do they practice their work?  How many of them are practicing at home (for all of their possible negative aspects, chatrooms are wonderful practice places.)

I believe that we need to reconceptualize the reason for 8 year olds to keyboard.  They aren’t preparing themselves for jobs as secretaries where they type a handwritten letter from their boss.  We are preparing our students to use computers to communicate in an on-line world.  This means that they need to be able to compose at the keyboard in a real time situation.

Dr. Z

More Keyboarding Games

Dog for Aunt LeeI received a comment under one of the other posts where a reader who calls herself “Aunt Lee” noted that she has collected links to a number of on-line games. I tried these and many of them are pretty good. They have a variety of motivators. One of them involves a game where you keep a skateboarder on his board as long as you are keying accurately.

Check out Aunt Lee’s page at http://www.auntlee.com/typinglinks.htm

How fast is fast enough?

The big question about evaluating keyboarding is “What is the optimal speed?” “How many WPM should we expect of a third grader?” I say that since keyboarding should be seen as an alternative to handwriting, then we should give them a target of 1 word faster then they can handwrite. I have read that the average 4th grader handwrites about 14 words per minute. That means that 4th graders should key at about 15 WPM. You can also test each individual and set individual goals.

It’s not about training secretaries for typing pools any longer. You may remember (or heard about) the times when secretaries typed what bosses scrawled on a piece of paper. Now, people use keyboarding as a primary form of composing. They write what they think as they think it. This means that it is replacing handwriting.

The advantage to keyboarding, however, is that when a student keys a story into a word processor it is in a dynamic work that can be easily changed. This means that revision is simpler. The key to teaching writing is to write and revise and write again. This means that in this environment students can become better writers quicker.

Keyboarding programs at the elementary levels should be designed to provide skills that make writing faster and more efficient. Students will not learn how to keyboard if they only get to a computer lab 2 times a week for 20 minutes. They need to have constant access to keyboards and compose their creative writing assignment on-line.

Dr. Z (12/2007)

Dr. Z Lecturing  At an IEMA (Iowa Educational Media Association) conference, Dr. Z did a presentation on the Teaching Keyboarding at the Elementary Level: What the Research Says.

In this presentation, Dr. Z discussed a variety of methods and issues involved in teaching keyboarding and what the research says about this. You will find the PowerPoint presentation in .pdf format at this link.

LEARNING TO KEYBOARD

It is quite obvious that learning to use ten-fingers on a computer keyboard is a low level skill. Most teachers know that such skills are best learned in short lessons, and that the skills should be practiced over time. Research tells us, too, that practice is best when it takes place in the context of use. That many teachers continue to debate both the when and how of keyboarding lessons, suggests that the subject is still not quite understood in spite of known principles and the substantive research available. If you do have doubts about what should be done, it is worthwhile to look at the research…

Before computers, keyboard skills were taught by Typing Teachers in typing classes…

At the time formal keyboarding lessons are introduced, it has also been shown that software generated lessons are just as effective as teacher developed and directed lessons…

There is other research evidence to suggest that primary children are not ready to learn ten-finger keyboarding, but that they can still use keyboards productively…A good overall reference is the report titled Teaching Process Writing with Computers…

http://www.ocis.net/%7Edturner/magazine/arcc412.htm

Keyboarding is an important skill for all students. Keyboarding involves using correct finger placement and building speed for optimal typing accuracy. When students develop a keyboarding proficiency at two to three times their average handwriting speed, it becomes an aid to the improvement of writing skills.

It is recommended that all students begin to learn correct placement of fingers on the keyboard as soon as they begin to use the computer. However, mastery is most efficiently attained at the fifth- to sixth-grade years. We highly recommend that students master keyboarding before they enter junior high. Here are some interesting facts regarding learning to keyboard:

  • The Learning Disabilities Network Exchange, Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring/Summer, 1996: Keyboarding: Keys to Success–Especially for Students with Dyslexia” by Diana Hanbury King72 Sharp St, Suite A-2, Hingham, MA 02043 (Also check out Diana H King’s book, “Keyboarding Skills,” available through Educator’s Publishing Service, 1-800-225-5750.)
  • Children’s Software Review, Volume 4, No 5, Oct/Nov 1996: “Five Myths About Kids Writing with Computers”
  • Internet Resource: PM Keyboarding Knowhow: Research Overview Keyboarding. This cites research by Wetzel (1985) and Stoecker (1985) among others. . .

http://www.crews.org/curriculum/ex/compsci/keyboarding/parents.htm

    Keyboard Research References… research from typewriting to computers dating from the 1920′s to the mid 1990′s. Refrences by researchers, teachers, etc., about teaching keybording skills.

    http://www.tifaq.com/keyboards/references.html

    This research project represents the second follow-up to Dr. Harriet Rogers’ 1993 and 1996 surveys of 428 school districts in Wisconsin. The purpose of these surveys was to determine the status of elementary keyboarding in the State of Wisconsin and to make comparisons in the data from 1993 and 1996. The hypothesis for these surveys was that there would be no significant difference in the number of school districts introducing keyboarding at the elementary level in 1996 compared to 1993. In “A Longitudinal Study of Elementary Keyboarding Computer Skills,” Dr. Rogers details her findings. She found a significant difference in the number of school districts that introduced the “touch” method of keyboarding at the elementary level in 1996 as compared to 1993. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected.

    http://facstaff.uww.edu/rogersh/Issues/Articles/EKReport.pdf

    When it comes to learning to use a computer, children are at a distinct disadvantage because computer keyboards are designed for adults—not children. It is particularly frustrating for teachers and other educators to train students in the use of proper computing techniques when the keyboards they’re using are too large for their smaller hands. Now, LittleFingers® from Datadesk Technologies has eliminated these problems by designing the first keyboard specifically for children’s smaller hands and fingers.
    http://www.datadesktech.com/media_news_2.html

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